Bedside Cerebral Blood Flow Quantification in Neonates

Measurement of blood flow to the brain in neonates would be a very valuable addition to the medical diagnostic armamentarium. Such conditions such as assessment of closure of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) would greatly benefit from such an evaluation. However, measurement of cerebral blood flow in a clinical setting has proven very difficult and, as such, is rarely employed. Present techniques are often cumbersome, difficult to perform and potentially dangerous for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. We have been developing an ultrasound blood volume flow technique that could be routinely used to assess blood flow to the brain in neonates. By scanning through the anterior fontanelles of 10 normal, full-term newborn infants, we were able to estimate total brain blood flows that closely match those published in the literature using much more invasive and technically demanding methods. Our method is safe, easy to do, does not require contrast agents and can be performed in the baby's incubator. The method has the potential for monitoring and assessing blood flows to the brain and could be used to routinely assess cerebral blood flow in many different clinical conditions.     

28例原发性卵黄囊瘤患者的CT表现分析

目的分析28例原发性卵黄囊瘤(YST)患者的CT表现。方法选择2015年2月至2019年12月收治的28例YST患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,8例YST患者入院后均予以CT检查,然后对患者的CT影像学特征和临床资料数据进行分析比较。结果本研究中28例YST患者肿瘤位于性腺的有17例(60.71%),其中位于睾丸、卵巢处的分别有7例、10例,占比分别为60.71%、41.18%,均为单侧发病;9例(39.29%)位于性腺外,其中位于骶尾部、前纵隔、阴道的分别有6例、2例、1例,占比分别为66.67%、22.22%、11.11%。CT检测可见肿瘤"浅分叶",且呈"椭网形",18例(64.29%)肿瘤边界较为清晰,9例(32.14%)呈"深分叶状"形态不规则;8例(28.57%)边界模糊,肿瘤大小分析可见,肿瘤位于前纵隔、卵巢的相对较大,位于阴道、睾丸、骶尾部的相对较小。28例YST患者中,单纯型21例YST(75.00%),混合型7例(25.00%)。结论原发性卵黄囊瘤进行CT检测尤为重要,其CT表现具有一定特征性,可为临床治疗提供一定的依据。     

腹部超声联合阴道灌注0.9%氯化钠诊断幼女阴道异物的临床价值

目的 分析腹部超声联合阴道灌注0.9%氯化钠对幼女阴道异物的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月—2021年12月就诊于赣州市妇幼保健院妇科的102例疑似阴道异物幼女临床资料。患儿均接受经腹部超声、阴道灌注0.9%氯化钠检查。以宫腔镜诊治结果作为金标准，分析经腹部超声单独检测或腹部超声联合阴道灌注0.9%氯化钠诊断阴道异物的准确性、有效性。结果 宫腔镜结果显示，患儿中阴道炎有21例（20.59%），阴道异物有81例（79.42%），其中棉絮状物、谷物、头发丝等线状物最为常见；单独诊断、联合诊断出阴道异物分别有69例和79例，与宫腔镜诊断结果的K值分别为0.689和0.897。将宫腔镜诊断结果作为金标准，单独诊断、联合诊断阴道异物的敏感性分别为0.765（95% CI：0.594，0.816）、0.951（95% CI：0.826，0.995），特异性分别为0.667（95% CI：0.563，0.786）、0.905（95% CI：0.795，0.972），准确度分别为0.745（95% CI：0.586，0.813）、0.941（95% CI：0.817，0.984），单独诊断、联合诊断的敏感性、特异性、准确度可信区间无重叠，说明有统计学意义。结论 阴道灌注0.9%氯化钠可增强幼女阴道异物在超声下的显影，提升诊断准确性、有效性，且操作简单、损伤小，起到清洁阴道作用。     

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Cancer Outcome in Locally Advanced Clear Renal Cell Carcinoma

BackgroundTo evaluate the association of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) with recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with locally advanced nonmetastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) undergoing radical nephrectomy.Material and MethodsWe retrospectively identified 880 nephrectomies performed between January 2009 and December 2016 in a single center, reviewed data from 478 radical nephrectomies for kidney tumors and identified 187 patients with locally advanced nonmetastatic ccRCC (pT3-T4 N0M0). NLR was obtained preoperatively and calculated by dividing absolute neutrophil count by absolute lymphocyte count. OS and RFS were evaluated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to evaluate predictors of RFS and OS.ResultsAmong 187 patients with ccRCC (mean age 63.4 ± 11.5 years; 118 [63.1%] male), the median follow-up was 48.7 months. On univariate analysis, in patients with Fuhrman nuclear grade of differentiation 3-4, the median time to recurrence was significantly shorter with NLR ≥ 4 than < 4 (24 vs. 55 months, P = .045). On multivariable analysis adjusted for NLR ≥ 4, among all variables analyzed (NLR, microvascular invasion, sarcomatoid differentiation, tumor size and body mass index), only nuclear grade of differentiation was an independent predictor of recurrence (hazard ratio 2.18; 95% confidence interval 1.07-4.92, P = .03). The 3-year OS had no statistically significant difference between patients with NLR ≥ 4 or < 4.ConclusionFor patients with locally advanced, nonmetastatic ccRCC, RFS was reduced with high nuclear grade of differentiation and high preoperative NLR. These findings suggest an association between higher NLR and worse outcomes in locally advanced ccRCC.     

子宫浆液性癌的分子学特征及靶向治疗研究进展

子宫浆液性癌（uterine serous carcinoma,USC）是一种特殊类型的子宫内膜癌。有别于常见的子宫内膜样腺癌,USC较为少见,且恶性程度高,侵袭转移风险高,临床上预后较差。随着子宫内膜癌分子学研究的不断深入,分子学特征被应用于子宫内膜癌的病理分型诊断、治疗和预后评价中。研究发现USC中存在多种基因的突变,这些相关基因的突变对该病的诊断和预后具有重要的指导意义。同时,特异性的分子学改变为USC的靶向治疗提供了潜在的治疗靶点。目前,多种靶向治疗手段包括人表皮生长因子受体2（human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2）抑制剂、免疫检查点抑制剂、抗血管生成治疗、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶（phosphoinositide 3-kinases,PI3K）通路抑制剂和多腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶[poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase,PARP]抑制剂等被应用于USC的临床治疗研究中,针对性的靶向治疗有望成为USC治疗的新突破。     

PCOS 患者胰岛素释放试验峰值后移与胰岛素分泌总量及敏感性的特征分析

目的　分析胰岛素释放试验（insulin release test，IRT） 峰值后移的多囊卵巢综合征（polycystic ovarysyndrome，PCOS）患者的胰岛素分泌特征，探讨胰岛素峰值后移对胰岛素敏感度的影响。方法　回顾性分析2019 年11 月～ 2021 年12 月在佛山市南海区妇幼保健院妇科就诊的PCOS 患者120 例。首次就诊时行空腹血糖（fasting plasmaglucose，FPG）和IRT 检测，根据IRT 的峰值时间进行分组，峰值时间在30min 为I30 组（n=30），在60min 为I60 组（n=30），在120min 为I120 组（n=30）和在180min 为I180 组（n=30）。比较四组FPG 和IRT 各时间点血浆胰岛素水平的差异，通过公式计算出胰岛素敏感指数(insulin sensitivity index，ISI)、胰岛素抵抗指数(insulin resistance index ，IRI) 和胰岛素曲线下面积（area under the curve ，AUC），比较这三个指标以及峰值的血浆胰岛素水平在四组的差异，通过Pearson 相关性分析探讨峰值后移与胰岛素分泌总量和胰岛素敏感度指标的相关性。结果　①单因素方差分析显示四组的FPG 和30min 的胰岛素水平差异无统计学意义（F=1.795, 1.780，均P ＞ 0.05），但达峰时间影响空腹和60，120，180min 的胰岛素分泌量，差异均有统计学意义（F = 9.355 ～ 24.170，均P ＜ 0.05）。②四组ISI 和AUC 差异无统计学意义（F=1.906,0.492，均P ＞ 0.05），而IRI 和峰值的胰岛素值从I30 组到I180 组均呈递增趋势，差异有统计学意义（F=10.360，5.140，均P ＜ 0.05）。③ Pearson 相关性分析表明ISI,AUC 与峰值后移无相关性(r =-0.077，-0.014，均P ＞ 0.05)，IRI 和峰值的胰岛素水平与峰值后移呈显著正相关(r =0.359，0.335，均P =0.000)。结论　PCOS 患者胰岛素峰值后移对空腹和60，120，180min 的胰岛素分泌量有影响；随着胰岛素峰值后移，峰值的胰岛素水平和胰岛素抵抗程度增加，但胰岛素敏感性和胰岛素分泌总量变化不明显。     

Online Patient Information for Hysterectomies: A Systematic Environmental Scan of Quality and Readability

ObjectiveHysterectomy is a common gynaecological procedure, and therefore online information is highly valuable to patients. Our objective was to evaluate the quality, readability, and comprehensiveness of online patient information on hysterectomy.MethodsThe first 25 patient-directed websites on hysterectomy, identified using 5 online search engines (Google, Yahoo, AOL, Bing, Ask.com) as well as clinical professional societies, were assessed using validated tools for quality (DISCERN, JAMA benchmark), readability (Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level [FKGL], Gunning Fog, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook [SMOG], Flesch Reading Ease Score [FRES]), and completeness of information.ResultsWe identified 50 websites for inclusion. Overall, websites were of good quality (median DISCERN score 53/80 [interquartile range {IQR} 47–61]; median JAMA score 3/4 [IQR 1–4]). Most websites described surgical risks (39, 78%), benefits (45, 90%), and types of hysterectomy (48, 96%). Content readability corresponded to grade 11 using FKGL (median 11.1 [IQR 10.2–13.0]) and SMOG (median 10.9 [IQR 10.2–12.4]), or 15 years education using Gunning Fog (median 14.7 [IQR 13.8–16.4]). Websites were assessed as difficult to read using FRES (median 45.6/100 [IQR 37.9–50.9]). No differences were observed in readability scores when we compared websites from clinical professional societies, government, health care, or academic organizations with other websites (P > 0.05).ConclusionOnline patient information on hysterectomy is of good quality and comprehensive. However, the content is above the American Medical Association’s recommended grade 6 reading level. Website authors should consider readability to make their content more accessible to patients.